Kev tswj cov teeb liab kho qhov muag hauv cov chaw niaj hnub hyperscale nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw uas feem ntau mus tsis pom txog thaum cov cuab yeej ua tsis tiav. Covfiber ntau optic attenuator-cov khoom siv tsis zoo tsim los txo cov hwj chim kho qhov muag hauv kev tswj hwm- ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg uas tiv thaiv tus neeg txais kev txaus siab, kev ua yuam kev me ntsis degradation, thiab ntxov ntxov transceiver burnout. Thaum cov amplifiers thiab multiplexers tau txais qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm engineering, attenuators tseem nyob twj ywm arbiters ntawm lub hwj chim kev ua raws cai nyob rau hauv luv luv - mus txog interconnects.
Qhov teeb meem tsis muaj leej twg hais txog
Ntawm no yog ib yam dab tsi uas catches txawm paub txog engineers tawm tus neeg zov. Koj spec tawm qhov zoo nkauj 100G txuas, nruab hom-QSFP28 transceivers tshiab, khiav pristine OM4 fiber ntau hla 15-meter thaj-thiab tam sim ntawd koj pom qhov yuam kev. Tsis ntau, tab sis txaus. Qhov txuas flaps qee zaus. Cov ntawv teev lus qhia CRC tsis ua haujlwm uas nce siab thaum lub sijhawm tsheb khiav ceev.
Tus neeg ua txhaum? Lub teeb ntau dhau.
Niaj hnub nimno transceivers-tshwj xeeb tshaj yog SR4 thiab luv-wave modules-tso tawm lub hwj chim kho qhov muag optimized rau lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob deb. Thaum qhov 100-meter-rated transceiver tsuas yog xav tau mus txog 8 meters, qhov tau txais photodiode tau hammered nrog ntau photons ntau dua li nws tuaj yeem ua cov txheej txheem linearly. Lub detector saturates. Teeb liab kev ncaj ncees collapses. Thiab vim tias "cov teeb liab ntau dhau" tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas feem ntau cov teeb meem daws teeb meem xav txog, pab pawg pov tseg cov sij hawm caum phantom cable faults.
Dab tsi Attenuators Ua tiag tiag
Lub mechanism yog ncaj nraim. Tus attenuator qhia txog qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov poob ntawm qhov muag pom - ntsuas hauv decibels- kom coj tau lub hwj chim rau hauv lub transceiver lub qhov rais rhiab heev. Xav txog nws li looj tsom iav dub rau fiber ntau. Lub hauv paus physics sib txawv los ntawm kev tsim: qee qhov siv cov huab cua sib txawv uas tsim Fresnel kev xav poob, lwm tus siv cov iav nqus dej, thiab ob peb vam khom cov fiber ntau misalignment hauv ferrule.
Qhov sib txawv-raws li txoj hauv kev (qee zaum hu ua "inline" lossis "plug-style") dominates data center deployments. Qhov sib txawv me me ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm qhov kawg- lub ntsej muag qhia txog qhov kev poob qis -feem ntau yog 3dB txog 10dB rau cov attenuators ruaj khov. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kho qhov muag attenuators (VOAs) muab kev kho kom haum los ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis MEMS-raws li cov txheej txheem, txawm hais tias lawv ntxiv qhov nyuaj thiab kev txwv tsis pub siv rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb xws li DWDM channel sib npaug.
Feem ntau cov engineers kuv tau ua haujlwm nrog default rau 5dB attenuators raws li lawv mus-rau. Nws tsis yog qhov kev xaiv zoo ib txwm, tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj kev puas tsuaj loj.
Tus lej tseem ceeb
Ib qho kev hloov tshiab sai ntawm kev siv nyiaj siv hluav taws xob kho qhov muag, txij li qhov no yog qhov kev suav tsis raug. Txhua daim ntawv transceiver qhia txog kev xa hluav taws xob ntau (hais tias, -1 txog +2 dBm) thiab lub qhov rais txais lub qhov rais (tej zaum -11.5 rau +2.4 dBm rau 25G SR ntaus ntawv). Qhov sib txawv ntawm koj lub zog xa hluav taws xob tiag tiag thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm tus neeg txais kev nkag siab ua rau koj cov peev nyiaj txuas. Connector poob, cable attenuation, splice poob-lawv tag nrho cov rho tawm ntawm cov npoo no.
Tab sis qhov siab tshaj plaws receiver input- uas +2.4 dBm qab nthab- tseem ceeb sib npaug. Tshaj nws, thiab koj nyob nraum overdriving lub ntes. Feem ntau cov ntawv spec sau ib qho "overload" qhov chaw dhau qhov max rhiab heev, tab sis kev khiav hauj lwm hauv cheeb tsam grey caw teeb meem. Qhov no yog qhov chaw attenuators khwv tau lawv cov khaws cia.
Hais tias koj ntsuas +1 dBm ntawm lub receiver nrog 3-meter thaj qaum. Koj tus neeg txais kev pom zoo tshaj tawm ntawm +1 dBm rau kev ua haujlwm tawm, tab sis koj pom qhov cuam tshuam me ntsis. Ntxiv 3dB attenuator tee tau txais lub zog rau -2 dBm-zoo li hauv spec. Teeb meem daws tau, thiab koj tau siv tej zaum $8.
Kev xa tawm tiag tiag Scenarios
Cov chaw zov me nyuam tsis yog homogeneous. Ib tus kws kho mob qhov chaw sib ntsib- kuv chav ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev txwv ntau dua li cov nplooj ntoo hyperscaler - qaum ntaub. Kev siv cov khoom siv attenuator sib txawv raws li.
Intra-rack kev sib txuas.Qhov no yog qhob cij-thiab-butter scenario. Cov servers txuas rau sab saum toj - ntawm - khib hloov ntawm 1-meter lossis 2-meter DAC cables feem ntau tsis xav tau attenuators-cov cables lawv tus kheej muab kev poob txaus. Tab sis thaum fiber ntau hloov tooj liab (ntau ntxiv nrog 100G + nrawm thiab thawb mus rau cov qauv cabling), cov sub-5-meter khiav dhau los ua teeb meem. High-power SR transceivers pub ncaj qha rau hauv cov chaw nres nkoj uas nyob ib sab tsim cov teeb meem saturation tau piav qhia ua ntej.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov khoom siv theem.Ua ntej kev xa tawm ntau lawm, pab pawg ua haujlwm siv tau cov keyboards thiab routers ntawm lub rooj zaum teeb tsa. Cov kev teeb tsa kev sim no feem ntau siv ncaj qha rov qab - rau - rov qab kev sib txuas ntawm fiber ntau - zoo xoom- txoj hauv kev poob uas lav tau txais ntau dhau. Attenuators cia cov engineers simulate cov kev sib txuas ntau lawm yam tsis muaj stringing 300 meters ntawm fiber ntau thoob plaws hauv chav kuaj.
Kuv tau pom cov tshuab hluav taws xob txuas- kaw rau hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv kaum ob lub chaw sim. Tsis zoo nkauj, tab sis haumxeeb.
Cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub kev koom ua ke.Brownfield cov chaw zov me nyuam inevitably muaj cov khoom siv los ntawm ntau tiam neeg. A 10G SFP + receiver tsim ib xyoo caum dhau los yuav muaj qhov nqaim dynamic ntau dua li tam sim no 25G transceivers. Thaum cov qub receivers txuas mus rau niaj hnub siab dua - fais fab transmitters, attenuators txuas qhov sib txawv yam tsis tas yuav hloov transceiver.
CWDM/DWDM systems.Wavelength - faib multiplexed architectures xav tau nruj channel zog ntsuas. Qhov sib txawv ntawm 3dB ntawm cov channel uas nyob ib sab degrades OSNR thiab stresses EDFAs. Rau -channel VOAs-los yog kho cov attenuators thaum lub sij hawm commissioning-theem qhov chaw ua si. Qhov no nkag mus rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tshaj qhov yooj yim plug-thiab- ua si attenuator siv, tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem zoo tib yam.
Ib Lo Lus ntawm Connector Hom
LC dominates niaj hnub data center optics. SC tseem tshwm sim hauv kev teeb tsa qub txeeg qub teg thiab qee yam khoom siv thauj khoom. FC tshwm sim qee zaus hauv kev sim teeb tsa. MTP/MPO cov khoom sib txuas ua haujlwm rau cov khoom sib txuas ua ke -40G SR4, 100G SR4, thiab lawv cov neeg ua tiav-tab sis txo qis kev sib txuas ntau fiber ntau ntxiv qhov nyuaj. Feem ntau koj yuav pom MTP attenuators siv nyob rau theem cassette es tsis yog ib tus neeg fibers. Txuas koj lub attenuator connector rau koj cov infrastructure. Zoo li pom tseeb, tab sis tsis sib haum xeeb adapters tsim cov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam rau kev suav nyiaj siv hluav taws xob.
Dab tsi mus yuam kev
Attenuators tsis yog cov khoom siv nyuaj, tab sis lawv yooj yim heev rau kev siv tsis raug.
Tshaj - attenuation ranked thawj. Tus kws ua haujlwm pom qhov yuam kev ntawm tus neeg txais, xav tias saturation, teeb tsa 10dB attenuator- thiab tam sim no lub teeb liab tsis muaj zog heev. Qhov txuas tseem tsis ua haujlwm, tab sis tam sim no rau qhov sib txawv. Ib txwm ntsuas lub zog uas tau txais tiag tiag ua ntej xaiv cov nqi attenuation.
Dirty connectors yog lwm yam classic tsis ua hauj lwm hom. Attenuators ntxiv connector interfaces rau qhov txuas. Txhua qhov interface yog lub sijhawm rau kev sib kis. Lub microscopic plua plav particle ntawm APC ferrule kawg-lub ntsej muag tsim kev poob uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Ntxuav txhua qhov txuas. Txhua lub sijhawm. Tsis muaj kev zam.
Kuv mam li hais ib ntxiv: tsis nco qab attenuators muaj. Cov ntaub ntawv ua tsis tiav, qhov txuas tau teeb meem ntau xyoo tom qab, thiab tsis muaj leej twg nco qab tias 7dB attenuator faus rau hauv lub vaj huam sib luag. Dheev ib qho kev hloov kho tshiab uas hloov pauv lub zog "tsis paub meej" tawg qhov txuas uas ua haujlwm tau tsib xyoos. Sau txhua yam.
Kev yuav khoom tiag
Kho cov attenuators raug nqi yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi-$5 txog $15 rau cov LC yooj yim los ntawm cov tuam txhab muaj koob npe. Yuav lawv hauv ntau. Khaws ib lub tub rau khoom puv rau hauv lub chaw kuaj kev sib txuas. 1dB, 3dB, 5dB, 7dB, thiab 10dB qhov tseem ceeb npog 95% ntawm cov xwm txheej. Qhov sib txawv attenuators khiav $50 rau $300+ nyob ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem thiab hom connector; cia cov no rau calibration los yog tunable daim ntaub ntawv.
Hom khoom tseem ceeb tsawg dua li koj xav. Lub physics ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm huab cua los yog cov khoom nqus dej tsis sib txawv ntawm cov neeg muag khoom. Uas tau hais tias, zam tsis muaj -npe cov neeg muag khoom ntawm qhov chaw lag luam- qhov tsis sib haum ntawm kev ua siab ntev thiab tsis zoo rov qab cov ntsiab lus yuav ua rau mob taub hau. Corning, Thorlabs, thiab FS.com tsim cov khoom txhim khu kev qha. CommScope's fiber ntau accessories ua haujlwm zoo yog tias koj twb nyob hauv lawv cov ecosystem lawm.
Cov txiaj ntsig zais: Standardization
Ntawm no yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis ua rau nws mus rau hauv kev sib tham feem ntau. Attenuators pab kom standardization ntawm nplai.
Hyperscale tswv yuav transceivers los ntawm kaum tawm txhiab. Tswj ntau lub transceiver SKUs rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv -10m piv rau 300m, hais tias- tsim kom muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm kev yuav khoom, cov khoom muag mob taub hau, thiab npau suav phem npau suav phem. Hloov chaw, ua qauv ntawm ib lub zog siab transceiver nyob rau qhov siab tshaj plaws, tom qab ntawd ua kom luv luv txuas raws li xav tau. Tus nqi attenuator yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb piv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau txais los ntawm cov khoom siv transceiver tsis sib xws.
Txoj kev no tseem ua rau kev daws teeb meem yooj yim. Txhua tus transceiver coj tib yam. Cov peev nyiaj siv hluav taws xob tau ua tiav. Hloov ib qho chaw nres nkoj rau lwm yam thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj. Lub elegance tebchaw raws li lub network scale.
Kev txiav txim siab wavelength
Feem ntau cov attenuators qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, lossis qee qhov sib xyaw. Multimode deployments feem ntau siv 850nm (SR optics). Tib- hom sib cais ntawm 1310nm (intermediate reach, LR) thiab 1550nm (extended reach, ER, and DWDM). Attenuation tus nqi sib txawv me ntsis nyob rau hauv wavelengths rau absorptive{10}} hom khoom siv- 5dB attenuator ntawm 1310nm yuav ntsuas 5.3dB ntawm 1550nm. Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, txheeb xyuas cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb kom phim koj qhov kev ua haujlwm wavelength.
Kaw Xav
Fiber optic attenuators yuav tsis hloov pauv koj cov ntaub ntawv chaw. Lawv tsis txaus siab. Lawv tsis tshwm sim hauv cov neeg muag khoom pitch decks lossis cov duab kos duab. Tab sis lawv daws qhov teeb meem tiag tiag- tau txais kev txaus siab hauv luv luv - mus txog qhov txuas - pheej yig thiab ntseeg tau. Lawv ua kom muaj cov txheej txheem transceiver uas txo cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas. Lawv ua cov cuab yeej ntsuas cov tswv yim.
Khaws ib qho khoom lag luam ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib xws. Ntsuas ua ntej kev teeb tsa. Document yam koj siv. Ntxuav koj cov connectors. Qhov ntawd yog txhua yam muaj rau nws.
Qee zaum cov khoom siv yooj yim tshaj plaws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
