Hollow - cov tub ntxhais muaj fiber ntau (HCF) hloov cov iav ua ke ntawm ib txwm muaj fiber ntau (smf) nrog cua- sau nruab nrab. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, HCF yog tsim ua lub iav microstructured iav "plhaub" nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov huab cua hauv nruab nrab. Lub teeb yog coj los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tag nrho hauv lub khob, tab sis theej los ntawm lub photonic band sib txawv lossis antideronance nyob hauv cladding. Daim duab 1 qhia tau ib qho "Rotator Qhov no pub tshaj 99% ntawm lub teeb hom kom nyob twj ywm hauv huab cua, txo kev txo kev cuam tshuam nrog lub khob. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, ib smf muaj lub zog germanium {10} {}-}} index iav. Vim tias tus tub ntxhais HCF muaj qhov qis qis dua qhov ntsuas tau (N≈1) dua li cov cladding, ib qho qauv cladding tshwj xeeb yog qhov yuav tsum tau kaw lub teeb.
Daim duab 1: Hollow - tub ntxhais tsim qauv. (a) Schematic ntawm lub tubular antoleronant Hollow {{ (b) Ib txwm ib txwm - hom fiber ntau siv cov iav khoom iav ruaj khov. Cov geometry ntawm HCF Tub Ntxhais thiab Cladding (piv txwv li, honeycomb iav rings) Ua rau lub teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm Photgonic bandgap nyhuv lossis cov nyhuv Antasonance.
Attenuation (poob)
Ib txwm muaj - hom fiber ntau (smf) muaj kev poob qis heev hauv c} band (kwv yees li 0.2 dB / km). Piv txwv li, corning smf- 28 Ull fiber ntau muaj tsawg dua 0.16 db / km ntawm 1550 nm. Tiag {{9- ntiaj teb, siab - Zoo SMF muaj qhov ploj ntau ntawm 0.16-0.2 DB / KM ntawm 1550 nm. Hauv kev sib piv, cov prototypes thaum ntxov tau nthuav tawm cov khoom poob hauv 1-10 DB / KM ntau. Ua tsaug rau cov kev hloov thev naus laus zis (zes antoxologist tsim, "Db / km hauv 2019. Prototypes tau ua tiav kwv yees li 0.11 DB / KM. Nyob rau hauv luv luv cov ntaub ntawv txuas chaw txuas (kaum ntawm kilometers), txawm tias 0.2-0.3 db / km yog lees paub, yog li HCF nyob ze rau kev lom zem.
Athenuation cov qauv:Smf (1550 nm) ≈0.16-0.2 DB / KM; HCF (tam sim no) ≲0.2-0.3 DB / KM (phiaj ~ hom phiaj ~ 0.1 DB / KM).
Cov tswv yim cuam tshuam yog qhov kev sib txuas HCF tshwj xeeb zoo sib xws rau cov ntawm ib qho ntawm {{hom fiber ntau (smf) yam tsis muaj kev rov ua kom rov muaj fiber ntau dua. Vim tias HCF zam cov iav tseem ceeb, nws cov kev poob seem uas tseem muaj los ntawm kev xau thiab saum npoo txhawm rau. Feem ntau, Rayleigh tawg yog neglauloible nyob rau hauv huab cua, tso cai ntxiv txo qis los ntawm kev txhim kho anti {}} resonance lug qauv. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov zoo - Tsim HCF tuaj yeem tsim kho lub ntsej muag siv kho qhov muag, tsawg kawg dhau mus rau qhov tsis sib thooj.
Ncua (sib hais qeeb)
Vim tias HCF ua lub teeb nyob rau hauv huab cua, nws txoj kev ntsuas hluav taws xob kom ze rau 1 (piv rau kwv yees li 1.47 hauv iav). Qhov no txhais tau tias lub teeb tshaj tawm sai sai hauv HCF. Hauv cov ntawv thov siv, HCF tuaj yeem txo cov kev tawm dag ncua ntev los ntawm 30% txog 50%. Piv txwv li, cov pab pawg qeeb ntawm ib qho {{hom fiber ntau (smf) yog kwv yees HCF muaj cov pab pawg ncua ntev li ntawm 1.54 μs / km. Hauv lwm lo lus, lub latency ntawm HCF txuas yog txo los ntawm kwv yees li ntawm 31% ib phaus. Daim duab 2a {{14- b} b qhia qhov kev ua kom nrawm no. (Nco tseg: Qee qhov chaw tshaj tawm kev nthuav dav nrawm li kwv yees li 47%, nyob ntawm cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb kom tsis txhob muaj dua tshiab.)
Daim duab 2:Qhov ceev ceev kom zoo dua ntawm hollow - tub ntxhaisCov. Nyob rau hauv hollow {- me ntxhais HCF (txoj cai), lub teeb pulses propagate kwv yees li 50% sai dua nyob rau hauv iav {}} tus tub ntxhais smf (sab laug). Qhov no txo cov pab pawg qeeb (latency) ib teev ntev los ntawm kwv yees li 30% rau 50%. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias HCF txuas rau tib cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ob- peb lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib txuas smf. In real-world applications, a 10 km HCF link has a propagation delay of approximately 15 µs (5 ns/m), while an SMF link has a propagation delay of approximately 20 µs, resulting in an end-to-end latency savings of approximately 5 µs. Ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas pom tseeb tias HCF muaj lub latency ntawm kwv yees li 1.54 μs / km, thaum smf muaj lub latency ntawm kwv yees li 2.24 μs / km (ib qho kev txo qis ntawm 5%). Qhov kev txo qis ntawm latencal yog qhov tseem ceeb rau AI / HPC cov ntaub ntawv pauv thiab siab- zaus kev lag luam. Qhov tseeb, kev siv kev lag luam tsis xwm yeem tshaj tawm kev txhim kho ntawm kwv yees li 30%. (Hauv kev sim tsis ntev los no, 1. 1.386 km HCF Link Letterly {{let} Taug Kev Latency los ntawm 4.287 μS piv rau SMF.) Cov ntsiab lus:
Lub sij hawm ntsuas (SMF ≈2.0 μs / km; HCF ≈1.5-1.6 μs / km, sawv cev rau kev txo qis li ntawm 30-35%.
Qhov no "ceev ntawm lub teeb" kom zoo dua ua cov chaw qhia cov ntaub ntawv kom tau faib cov kev ncua deb hauv qhov nyiaj lab. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv ib qho chaw sau ntaub ntawv lossis chaw kawm qib siab, pab kom tau txais kev cia siab nyob rau hauv {} micrecond}
Dispersion thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig
HCFS Qub tau li cas tsis tshua muaj kev liam. Vim tias feem ntau lub teeb nyob rau hauv huab cua, khoom tawg (lub wavelength {{luas} ywj pheej variation ntawm lub iav lub chaw ua haujlwm tsis zoo) yog negligible index) yog qhov tsis zoo. Ua tib zoo tsim ov - Resonant HCF cov khoom ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv nws cov qis {5} {tsis band. Qhov no tau zoo rau mem tes broadening, txhim kho bandwidth {{}} deb khoom. Ib yam li ntawd, Polarization hom dispersion (PMD) hauv HCFS yog tsawg heev, thiab cov teebmeem ntawm ib puag ncig cov khoom (kub thiab kev ntxhov siab) yog tsawg. Los ntawm kev sib piv, SMFs pom kev sib cais ntawm kwv yees li 17 ps / (nawj-}}}}} Optical fibers yog kwv yees li 0.05-0.2 PS / ıkm.
Nyob rau hauv HCFS, Nonline sib cuam tshuam (xws li Kerr nonearity, SPM / XPM, thiab plaub} Wave Nws) yog ob peb xaj ntawm ntau zog. Nrog tshaj 99.99% ntawm cov qauv hauv huab cua, cov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig yog kwv yees li 100 mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neeg nonffinear coeffici. Qhov no txhais tau tias HCF tuaj yeem txhawb lub zog kho qhov muag zoo dua ua ntej NonLineear distortion tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov channel lossis sim ua kom yooj yim tawm tswv yim. Raws li ib co Proponents taw tes tawm, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg (ua rau nws yooj yim rau eavesdrop lossis txhaj fibers los ntawm fiber).
Zuag qhia tag nrho, HCF tseem ceeb txo cov kev txwv bandwidth thiab nonlinear txwv tsis pub cuam tshuam nrog kev tawg. Cov chaw zov me nyuam tuaj yeem siv ceeb toom wavelengths (dhau ntawm tus qauv c} band) kom ua tiav siab tsis muaj kev rho nyiaj. Ntau HCF cov qauv tsim Feature ntau "thawj lub zog antideronance" npog lub qhov rai thib ib " Zuag qhia tag nrho, bandwidth muaj peev xwm ntawm HCF tsawg kawg yog piv rau, thiab feem ntau yog ntau dua, uas yog xav txog MultiBand ua haujlwm thiab siab pob peev.
Bandwidth thiab muaj peev xwm
HCF lub siab nrawm thiab qis tsis tau muab nws qhov peev xwm tshwj xeeb. Metaphorically, HCF zoo li cov fiber ntau qhov hluav taws xob nrog cov kab mob dav dav: nws tuaj yeem nqa cov "tsheb ntau" (cov menyuam) ntawm kev ceev nrawm dua. Daim duab 3 (txoj cai) qhia txog qhov no: A HCF "Super Truck" tuaj yeem nqa cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua ntawm qhov nrawm dua li smf "tsheb." Hauv kev coj ua, HCF tau pom tau tias cov ntaub ntawv sau siab heev hauv cov ntaub ntawv sim hauv kev sim. Piv txwv li, kev sim tau ua tiav channel cov nqi ntawm 800 GB / S thiab 1.2 TB / SEEM SIV HCERTHING WAVENTAND WAVENTAND MATTXING (WDM). Hauv tiag - thoob ntiaj teb cov tes hauj lwm, HCF tau txhawb nqa 6 x 100 GB / S channels thiab wavel} wavel {payloads ntawm ib fiber.
Daim duab 3:Cov ntaub ntawv hla kev sib piv. Hcftuaj yeem muab piv rau sai dua, siab - muaj peev xwm "lub tsheb," thaum smf yog piv rau "tsheb." Qhov no qhia txog HCF cov kev sib txuas siab (ntau wavelengths / hom, qis dua kev tshaj tawm) thiab kev tshaj tawm ntau dua) thiab kev sib tham ntau dua Tsis zoo li SMF (sab laug), HCF txhawj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem siv lub qhov rai dav dav, ua rau cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv tshaj plaws dhau kev sib tw / thib ob ntawm ib fiber.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm HCF muaj peev xwm:
● wavelengthe ntau:HCF tsis yog txwv los ntawm cov pa hluav taws uas nqus "cov dej" thiab UV nqus ntawm SMF. Cov qauv hCF tshiab ua haujlwm tau zoo los ntawm ~ 1200 nm txog ~ 1700 nm, thiab txawm tias tau pom rau hom tshwj xeeb.
WDM channel:Kev sim thaum ntxov ua yeeb yam HCF Nqa Douchens ntawm WDM Raws (C + L Band) nrog tsawg kawg tsis muaj crosstal.
● Cov ntawv tawm tswv yim:Vim tias tsis muaj tseeb, HCF tuaj yeem yooj yim dua nqa siab dua {{0} . 64 qi zog ib channel.
● Rau me ntsis - tus nqi:Nrog rau kev pom sib haum, HCF yuav tsum txhawb nqa tib lub Per - channel me ntsis- tus nqi yog SMF (100 GB / S + ib lub yoj yoj); Kev sim siab thaum ntxov ntawm 100-600 GB / s wavelengths tau ua tiav.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, HCF muabtsawg kawgTib lub peev xwm ntawm bandwidth li smf thiab, hauv multi-} channel links, tuaj yeem tshaj tawm ntau dhau los ntawm lub zog loj thiab qis crosalk. Qhov tsuas cumeat yog tias muaj ntau HCF hom muaj cov qes qis- u siv fiber ntau, yog li qhov opvized discersion-} kev tsim qauv.
Fabrication thiab cov kev sib tw
Thaum HCF lub physics yog kev cog lus, muaj ntau txoj kev sib tw ua ke sib tw:
Inclas cov precorms:HCF cov tswv yim (cov iav qws cov qauv) yog intricate. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab cov hlab nyias nyias nyias, uas xav tau high - precision fabrication thiab kos. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, HCF tam sim no ua rau muaj qhov ntim tsawg. Scaling tsim mus rau kaum ntawm ntau txhiab tus KM ntawm DC fiber txuas yuav siv sijhawm ntau dua thiab cov kab ntau lawm.
● Kev sib txuas thiab txuas:HCF tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha tus khub nrog cov khoom siv fiber ntau. Yog li kev txiav tawm siv luv luv confensional smf pigtails. Hauv kev xyaum, kev lag luam siv kev ntsuas kev sib cav sib haum ntawm HCF rau SMF cov tuav hauv LC / sc txuas txuas. Tshaj tawm cov roj txau poob ntau ntawm ~ 0.5 DB (optimized) txog li ~ 2.5 dB. Cov kev sib txuas / pigtail ntxiv ~ 0.5 dB. Cov kev poob no ntxiv (ib qhov txuas) yog qhov tseem ceeb piv rau kev hloov pauv transceiver hauv DC. Tsawg - tsis poob hcf splices thiab tshiab qis {10} Tus nqi txuas nrog R & D thaj chaw.
● Yuav khoov thiab ntim cov rhiab:HCF (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog {- cov tub ntxhais tsim) yog rhiab dua dabtsi yog khoov thiab micro- bending dua SMF. Khoov ua kom paub ploj thiab tuaj yeem hloov pauv hom. Txhawm rau txo qhov no, HCF cable siv xoob - Tube lossis Ribbon siv nrog ntau dua radii. Saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog xav tau los tiv thaiv kev sib zog thaum lub teeb tsa. Hauv kev ntsuam xyuas (HCF ntawm cov neeg nplua khoom txhav uas pom tau tias muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo tshwj tsis yog tsim nrog hom lim hom. Ofs thiab lwm tus tau ntxiv "cov qauv" los txhob txwm tshaj tawm sawb siab dua - Cov qauv xaj thiab bungpress modal dispersion.
Splice thiab fiber ntau:Cov ntaub ntawv qis qis («0.2 DB / KM) tau ntsuas ntawm "liab qab" HCF strands. Kev cob, sib txaws, thiab ib puag ncig cov ntsiab lus (paug, av noo) feem ntau nce poob. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus tshaj tawm tias cabling lawv HCF ntxiv ~ 0.1-0.7 DB / KM poob hauv c - band. Yog li, tiag {{{{- house worlding yuav ploj yuav yog ~ 0.3-0.5 db / km txog thaum cov txheej txheem paub.
Tus nqi thiab muaj:HCF tam sim no nqa tus nqi hwm, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam. Cov ntaub ntawv thaum ntxov (piv txwv li bt / lumenisity rau london Tshuag txauv) yog niche siv qhov twg tus nqi uas tus nqi yog qhov uas muaj cai. Txhawm rau ua cov tseem ceeb hauv DC sib cuam tshuam, cov khoom ntim ntau lawm yuav tsum teev thiab cov nqi khoom poob. Ob peb qhov kev ua lag luam tshiab (Relativity Networks, Lumenisity, Silenfiber, thiab lwm yam) tau tsim cov nyiaj HCF nrog VC nyiaj thiab kev tau txais.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus xaus,Kev Ua Haujlwm HCF HCFHnub no yuav xav tau ceev faj kev tuav: Kev haus cov kev xav tau sib txuas, cov kab sib tsoo loj loj, thiab cov xaim tshwj xeeb. Kev lag luam tau tsim kho cov qauv thiab kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, ntawm Accucore ™ Cables tam sim no muab rau HCF nrog cov qauv tsim qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov HCF txuas tseem suav cov lus me me 0.5-3 dB ntawm kev poob qis rau kev siv nyiaj / kev txwv tsis pub thiab xav tau kev siv nyiaj txiag ntxiv.
Kev sim siab thiab prototypes hauv datacenter chaw
HCF twb tsiv tawm hauv chav kuaj xyuas hauv cov tes hauj lwm tiag. Cov kev sim tsis ntev los no thiab kev sim ua haujlwm qhia tau cov txiaj ntsig:
● - rau - dc txuas:Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2024, Spanish tus neeg teb xov tooj hauv nokia, ntawm|Furukawa thiab digital siab thiab digital} Core Cable ntawm ib qho chaw thiab lub chaw Madrid. Tshaj li 1.386 km HCF txuas, lawv ua tiav ib puag ncig {{}} Taug kev latency txo ntawm287 µs (>30%) piv rau SMF, thaum nqa 600 GB / s ntawm ib nthwv dej. Qhov no tiag {- Lub ntiaj teb kev xeem siv coherent transponders ntawm 100 GB / S ib λ. Lub sim tau paub tseeb tias HCF tuaj yeem raug faib tawm hauv cov txheej txheem hauv tsev muaj zog (ntawm AccelCore® cable) nrog cov qauv sib dhos, qhib qhov rooj rau DC interconns.
● Nuv lus luv luv-} reach ncav cuag kev txuas:Ntawm Lab thiab Lits txuas 3.1 KM HCF txuas 10 GB / S DWDM tsheb khiav (10 wavelengths) rau kev lag luam. Qhov no yog thawj zaug ntawm tus kab mob HCF HCF kis, pom me me}}} free 10gb / s tshaj fiber ntau + cable nrog ib qho 31% latency txo. Ib yam li ntawd, labo / Tswb Lab yog kuaj HCF ntawm 800-1200 GB / S aggregate (8 × 100gb / s) hauv kev sim teeb tsa.
● Cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam:HCF Qhov Latency txuag tau nyiam qhov siab - zaus kev lag luam (HFT) siv {1}- Case. Hauv 2021, lumenisity (tam sim no ib feem ntawm nokia) thiab eunetworks xa hollow {}} cov ntsiab lus txuas mus rau London cov khoom sib pauv. Los ntawm kev siv HCF rau qhov kawg- mais mus ua lag luam venues, microsecond detencies raug txo kom tsawg. Cov kev tso cai no cim qee qhov thawj zaug kev lag luam siv HCF. (BT thiab lwm tus kuj tau sim HCF rau kev sib txuas mob mobile thiab kev sib koom tes ruaj ntseg, tab sis cov no yog sab nraud DCS.)
● Cov ntaub ntawv AI / HPC sib pauv:Thaum cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem muaj tsawg, cov chaw pabcuam huab loj yog tshawb nrhiav HCF. Microsoft Azure tau tsim ib pab neeg (yav tas los Lumenisity) mus rau qauv HCF sib txuas ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam. Relatativity Networks (US Start-}}}} yog txhim kho HCF tshwj xeeb rau Ai Datacent cov ntaub. Cov kev siv zog no taw rau kev siv HCF nrawm rau kev faib tawm Latences Latencypercks faib rau kev kawm AI faib. Txawm hais tias tseem thaum ntxov, cov thawj kauj ruam no kos kab ntsig txog thev naus laus zis lub peev xwm hauv ib puag ncig Hyperscale thiab HPC.
Hauv txhua qhov kev sim no,kev ua yeeb yam tau ntsib kev cia siab: LATCY latency poob (feem ntau ~ 30%) thiab multi- gbps muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib txuas luv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ntawm cov kev sim no tseem txuas ntxiv mus txuas HCF pua pua ntawm KM - uas tseem ua haujlwm yav tom ntej. Tam sim no, HCF yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau metro - nplai lossis intra- i}
Outlook: Ai / HPC thiab Yav Tom Ntej Datacenter Tes Haujlwm
Lub thawb mus rau Ai thiab ultra - ceev ceev HPC yog heads {{1} {{4 4}} bandwidth txuas. HCF yog qhov chaw tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo los daws cov kev xav tau no. Los ntawm kev txo qhov sib txuas ncua ~ 30% rau ib qho, HCF cia cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm hauv cov chaw zov me nyuam tuaj yeem tso cov chaw teev khoom rau cov ntaub ntawv 1.5 × kev sib cais rau tib lub latency. Qhov no "geographic yooj" tuaj yeem tseem ceeb heev li cov tub rog uas tsis paub ntau yam. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib lub chaw teev ntaub ntawv, HCF tuaj yeem txiav inter {}} khib} pod latencies, pub cov qauv loj nrog tsawg kawg cov ntaub ntawv hloov lag.
Tshaj li kev ceev ceev, HCF cov tsis muaj kev pab cuam qis thiab dav spectrum txhawb tau lub neej yav tom ntej tuaj yeem thawb cov ntaub ntawv cov nqi tseem ceeb dua. Ua ke nrog kev ua tiav kev hloov siab thiab kev sib tw HCF (piv txwv li multicore hcf), lub zuag qhia tag nrho yuav tshaj li niaj hnub no smf sib txuas. Cov kws zov me nyuam pom lub cav terit {}}} ib lub tsheb thib ob, sib ntsib lub excada i / O xav tau ntawm Ai Chips.
Kev lag luam yog xeem ntawv ceeb toom. Cov huab loj / HPC cov players (Microsoft, Google, Meta) tau nyiaj (kev tawm tsam, Lumenisity) tau muaj kev nyab xeeb lab ntawm kev nqis peev thiab tsoomfwv rov qab. Cov Qauv Lub Cev thiab Consortia tab tom pib suav nrog HCF hauv cov phiaj xwm network yav tom ntej. While many uncertainties remain (cost, reliability, integration), the trend is clear: HCF is on track to become a key building block for next-generation low-latency, high-capacity datacenter networks.
Hauv kev xaus, Hollow {- cov me nyuam sib raug zoo sawv cev rau kev ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv - chaw qhib. Los ntawm swapping iav rau huab cua, nws txiav poob thiab latency thaum nthuav dav bandwidth thiab licinity. Kev sim siab thaum ntxov ua pov thawj ua pov thawj nws lub peev xwm, thiab kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv nrawm nrawm nrawm nrawm nrawm nrawm. Rau Ai thiab HPC cov khoom siv uas xav tau "lub teeb}- Kev sib txuas lus nrawm rau tom ntej - muab nws cov kev sib tw thiab cov nyom uas yuav daws tau qhov kev sib tw.
