Optical fiber yog cov ntawv luv ntawm optical fiber, fiber ntau ua los ntawm iav lossis yas, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua lub teeb kis tau tus mob. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus kis tau tus mob yog' tag nrho kev xav ntawm lub teeb' Cov thawj tswj hwm yav dhau los ntawm Suav University of Hong Kong Gao Kun thiab George A. Hockham thawj zaug tau thov lub tswv yim tias fiber ntau optical siv tau rau kev sib txuas lus. Vim li no, Gao Kun yeej 2009 Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics.
qhia
Cov me me optical fiber yog encapsulated hauv ib lub hnab yas kom nws tuaj yeem khoov tsis tau tawg. Feem ntau, cov khoom xa tawm ntawm ib kawg ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag siv lub teeb emitting diode (LED) los yog lub teeb laser xa cov teeb pom kev mus rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, thiab cov khoom tau txais ntawm lwm qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag siv lub teeb pom kev zoo. ntes cov pulses.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub, txij li thaum lub teeb kis tau tus mob ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv optical fibers yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov xov hlau, optical fibers yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv mus ntev-ntev kis tau tus mob.
Feem ntau ob lo lus kho qhov muag fiber ntau thiab optical cable tsis meej pem. Feem ntau cov fibers kho qhov muag yuav tsum tau them los ntawm ob peb txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ua ntej siv, thiab cov cables uas them yog hu ua optical cables. Cov txheej tiv thaiv thiab insulating txheej ntawm txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv fiber ntau los ntawm ib puag ncig, xws li dej, hluav taws, thiab hluav taws xob poob siab. Optical cable muab faib ua: fiber ntau optical, tsis txheej thiab txheej. Optical fiber zoo ib yam li coaxial cable, tshwj tsis yog tias tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog lub iav core los ntawm lub teeb propagates.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug multimode fiber, cov tub ntxhais txoj kab uas hla yog 50 μm thiab 62.5 μm, uas yog roughly sib npaug rau cov tuab ntawm tib neeg cov plaub hau. Ib hom fiber ntau core muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 μm mus rau 10 μm. Cov tub ntxhais yog ib puag ncig los ntawm lub hnab ntawv iav nrog qhov qis qis dua qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tub ntxhais kom khaws lub teeb hauv cov tub ntxhais. Sab nraud yog ib lub tsho yas nyias los tiv thaiv lub hnab ntawv. Optical fibers feem ntau yog bundled thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug casing. Cov tub ntxhais fiber ntau feem ntau yog ob txheej txheej concentric lub tog raj kheej nrog thaj tsam me me ua los ntawm quartz iav. Nws yog nkig thiab yooj yim tawg, yog li xav tau ib txheej tiv thaiv sab nraud.
txoj cai
Lub teeb thiab nws cov yam ntxwv
1. Lub teeb yog hluav taws xob nthwv dej
Lub wavelength ntau ntawm pom lub teeb yog 390 ~ 760nm (nanometer). Qhov loj dua 760nm yog lub teeb infrared, thiab qhov me dua 390nm yog lub teeb ultraviolet. Optical fiber ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv peb hom: 850nm, 1310nm, thiab 1550nm.
2. Refraction, reflection thiab tag nrho cov reflection ntawm lub teeb.
Vim hais tias kev nthuav tawm ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv cov khoom sib txawv yog txawv, thaum lub teeb tawm ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm tus, refraction thiab reflection tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob yam khoom. Ntxiv mus, lub kaum sab xis ntawm refracted lub teeb hloov nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm teeb pom kev zoo. Thaum lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov teeb meem tshwm sim mus txog lossis tshaj ib lub kaum ntse ntse, lub teeb refracted yuav ploj mus, thiab tag nrho cov teeb meem teeb meem yuav rov qab los, uas yog tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm lub teeb. Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv rau lub teeb ntawm tib lub wavelength (uas yog, cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv refractive indexes), thiab tib cov khoom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv rau lub teeb ntawm qhov sib txawv wavelengths. Kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag fiber ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus saum toj no.
1. Optical fiber ntau qauv:
Qhov liab qab fiber ntau ntawm optical fiber feem ntau muab faib ua peb txheej: qhov nruab nrab siab refractive index iav core (cov tub ntxhais txoj kab uas hla feem ntau yog 50 lossis 62.5μm), nruab nrab yog qhov qis refractive index silica iav cladding (inch yog feem ntau 125μm), thiab sab nraud yog cov resin txheej rau kev txhawb nqa. Pem teb.
2. Optical fiber ntau aperture:
Lub teeb teeb meem ntawm lub ntsej muag kawg ntawm optical fiber tsis tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau, tab sis tsuas yog qhov teeb meem teeb pom kev hauv ib lub kaum ntse ntse. Lub kaum sab xis no yog hu ua tus lej aperture ntawm fiber ntau. Qhov loj ntawm cov lej aperture ntawm qhov kho qhov muag fiber ntau yog qhov zoo rau kev sib txuas ntawm lub pob tw ntawm optical fiber. Optical fibers uas tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv muaj cov lej sib txawv (AT& T CORNING).
3. Hom fiber ntau optical:
Muaj ntau ntau hom optical fibers, thiab qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab kev ua tau zoo sib txawv raws li kev siv sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim cov khoom siv kho qhov muag rau cable TV thiab kev sib txuas lus yog qhov zoo ib yam, xws li: ① poob me me; ② qee qhov bandwidth thiab me me dispersion; ③ yooj yim xaim; ④ yooj yim kev koom ua ke; ⑤ kev ntseeg siab; ⑥ Kev sib piv yooj yim; ⑦ Pheej yig thiab lwm yam. Kev faib tawm ntawm fiber ntau optical yog cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm wavelength, refractive index faib, kis hom, raw khoom thiab kev tsim khoom. Nov yog cov piv txwv ntawm ntau yam kev faib tawm raws li hauv qab no.
(1) Ua haujlwm wavelength: ultraviolet fiber, observable fiber, ze-infrared fiber, infrared fiber (0.85μm, 1.3μm, 1.55μm).
(2) Refractive index faib: kauj ruam (SI) hom fiber ntau, ze-kauj ruam hom fiber ntau, qib (GI) hom fiber ntau, lwm yam (xws li hom duab peb sab, hom W, hom recessed, thiab lwm yam).
(3) Hom kev sib kis: ib hom fiber ntau (suav nrog polarization-tso fiber ntau thiab tsis-polarization-tso fiber ntau), ntau hom fiber ntau.
(4) Raw cov ntaub ntawv: quartz optical fiber, multi-component iav optical fiber, yas optical fiber, composite optical fiber (xws li yas cladding, kua core, thiab lwm yam.), infrared cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam. muab faib ua cov ntaub ntawv inorganic (carbon, thiab lwm yam), cov ntaub ntawv hlau (tooj liab, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam) thiab plastics.
(5) Kev tsim cov txheej txheem: Pre-plasticizing muaj xws li vapor theem axial deposition (VAD), tshuaj vapor deposition (CVD), thiab lwm yam., thiab xaim duab txoj kev muaj xws li Qws intube thiab ob txoj kev crucible.
Silica Optical Fiber
Silica Fiber yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas silicon dioxide (SiO2) yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, thiab cov khoom siv refractive index faib ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab cladding yog tswj raws li qhov sib txawv doping nqi. Quartz (iav) series optical fibers muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab kev dav dav, thiab tam sim no tau siv dav hauv cable TV thiab kev sib txuas lus.
Qhov zoo ntawm quartz iav optical fiber ntau yog qhov poob qis. Thaum lub teeb wavelength yog 1.0 ~ 1.7μm (nyob ib ncig ntawm 1.4μm), qhov poob tsuas yog 1dB / km, thiab qhov qis tshaj ntawm 1.55μm tsuas yog 0.2dB / km.
Fluorine-doped fiber ntau
Fluorine Doped Fiber yog ib yam khoom ntawm silica fiber ntau. Feem ntau, hauv 1.3μm waveband kev sib txuas lus optical fiber, dopant tswj cov tub ntxhais yog germanium dioxide (GeO2), thiab cladding yog ua los ntawm SiO2. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov cores ntawm fluorine-txuas fibers siv SiO2, tab sis fluorine yog doped hauv cladding. Vim tias Rayleigh tawg tawg yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb tawg los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv qhov ntsuas qhov taw qhia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ntshaw kom tsim dopants ntawm refractive index fluctuation yam, thiab tsawg dua yog zoo dua. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm fluorine yog txo qis qhov cuam tshuam ntawm SIO2. Yog li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau siv rau doping ntawm cladding.
Piv nrog rau optical fibers ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv raw, quartz optical fiber kuj muaj ib tug dav spectrum ntawm lub teeb kis tau los ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb mus rau ze-infrared teeb. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib txuas lus lub hom phiaj, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv thaj chaw xws li cov lus qhia lub teeb thiab cov duab xa mus.
Infrared fiber ntau
Raws li kev ua haujlwm wavelength ntawm quartz series kho qhov muag fiber ntau tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, txawm hais tias nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv kis nrug deb, nws tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv 2μm. Vim li no, nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov ntev infrared wavelengths, thiab tsim kho qhov muag fiber ntau hu ua infrared optical fiber. Infrared Optical Fiber yog tsuas yog siv rau lub teeb hluav taws xob kis tau tus mob. Piv txwv li: ntsuas kub, thermal duab kis tau tus mob, laser scalpel kev kho mob, thermal zog ua, thiab lwm yam. Qhov nkag mus yog tseem tsawg.
Composite fiber ntau
Cov khoom siv fiber ntau yog ua los ntawm SiO2 raw khoom, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim nyog sib xyaw oxides xws li sodium oxide (Na2O), boron oxide (B2O3), potassium oxide (K2O) thiab lwm yam oxides los ua cov iav fiber ntau, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam. -component iav Nws muaj qhov muag qis dua li quartz iav thiab qhov sib txawv loj hauv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab cov cladding. Fiber optic endoscopes feem ntau yog siv hauv kev kho mob.
CFC fiber ntau
Fluoride Fiber Chloride Fiber (Fluoride Fiber) yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag ua los ntawm fluoride iav. Cov khoom siv fiber ntau optical no tseem hu ua ZBLAN (uas yog, cov khoom siv iav fluoride xws li ZrF2), barium fluoride (BaF2), lanthanum fluoride (LaF3), aluminium fluoride (AlF3), thiab sodium fluoride (NaF) tau yooj yim rau hauv Cov ntawv luv ntawm, feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev pabcuam kho qhov muag ntawm 2 ~ 10μm wavelength. Vim tias ZBLAN muaj qhov ua tau ntawm ultra-tsawg poob fiber ntau, txoj kev txhim kho muaj peev xwm rau kev sib txuas lus ntev fiber ntau tau pib, piv txwv li: nws qhov kev poob qis tshaj plaws, hauv Nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag 10-2 ~ 10-3dB / km ntawm 3μm wavelength, thaum quartz fiber ntau ntawm 0.15-0.16dB / Km ntawm 1.55μm. Tam sim no, ZBLAN fiber ntau tsuas yog siv tau ntawm 2.4 ~ 2.7 vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txo cov tawg tawg. μm kub sensors thiab thermal duab kis tau tus mob tseem tsis tau siv dav. Tsis ntev los no, txhawm rau siv ZBLAN rau kev sib kis mus ntev, 1.3 μm praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) tau tsim.
Yas coated optical fiber ntau
Yas Clad Fiber (Plastic Clad Fiber) yog ib hom fiber ntau nyob rau hauv uas high-purity silica iav yog siv los ua cov tub ntxhais, thiab cov yas nrog ib tug refractive Performance index qis dua li ntawm silica, xws li silica gel, yog siv los ua cladding. . Piv nrog rau silica fiber, nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nqi xauj tsev thiab cov lej aperture siab (NA). Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los ua ke nrog lub teeb-emitting diode LED teeb qhov chaw, thiab qhov poob yog me me. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam network (LAN) thiab kev sib txuas lus luv luv.
Yas Optical Fiber
Qhov no yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas ob lub hauv paus thiab cov cladding yog ua los ntawm cov yas (polymer). Cov khoom lag luam thaum ntxov tau siv dav hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob luv luv. Cov khoom siv raw yog cov iav organic (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) thiab polycarbonate (PC). Kev poob yog txwv los ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb CH ua ke ntawm cov yas, feem ntau mus txog kaum tawm dB ib km. Txhawm rau txo qhov poob, fluorine series plastics raug tsim thiab siv. Txij li cov tub ntxhais txoj kab uas hla ntawm Yas Optical fiber yog 1000μm, uas yog 100 npaug loj dua ib hom quartz fiber ntau, kev sib txuas yog yooj yim, thiab nws yooj yim rau khoov thiab tsim. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm broadbandization, kev loj hlob ntawm multimode yas optical fiber nrog graded (GI) refractive index tau txais kev saib xyuas. Tsis ntev los no, daim ntawv thov kuj ceev ceev hauv lub tsheb' lub LAN sab hauv, thiab nws kuj yuav siv tau hauv tsev LAN yav tom ntej.
Ib hom fiber ntau
Ib hom fiber ntau Qhov no yog hais txog cov fiber ntau uas tsuas yog kis tau ib hom kev nthuav dav hauv kev ua haujlwm wavelength, feem ntau hu ua single-mode fiber (SMF: Single Mode Fiber). Tam sim no, nws yog qhov dav siv fiber ntau hauv cable TV thiab kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag. Vim hais tias cov tub ntxhais ntawm cov fiber ntau nyias (li 10μm) thiab cov refractive index yog nyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam-zoo li faib, thaum lub normalized zaus V parameter yog tsawg dua 2.4, theoretically, tsuas yog ib hom kis tau tus mob yuav tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, SMF tsis muaj ntau hom dispersion. Tsis tsuas yog kis tau tus mob zaus band dav dua cov fiber ntau nrog ntau hom, tab sis kuj cov khoom dispersion thiab structural dispersion ntawm SMF yog ntxiv thiab offset, thiab nws cov yam ntxwv synthesis tshwm sim los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm xoom dispersion, uas ua rau kis tau tus mob zaus band wider. . Hauv SMF, muaj ntau hom vim qhov sib txawv ntawm dopants thiab kev tsim khoom. DePr-essed Clad Fiber (DePr-essed Clad Fiber), nws cladding tsim ib tug qauv ob, thiab cov cladding nyob ib sab ntawm cov tub ntxhais muaj ib tug qis refractive Performance index tshaj lub sab nrauv inverted cladding.
Multimode fiber ntau
Multimode fiber yog hais txog cov fiber ntau uas muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm hom fiber ntau yog ntau hom raws li kev ua haujlwm wavelength, hu ua multimode fiber (MMF: MULti ModeFiber). Cov tub ntxhais txoj kab uas hla yog 50μm, thiab vim hais tias hom kis tau tus mob tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau pua, piv nrog SMF, kev sib kis bandwidth feem ntau yog dominated los ntawm modal dispersion. Keeb kwm, nws tau siv rau kev sib kis luv luv hauv cable TV thiab kev sib txuas lus. Txij li thaum qhov tshwm sim ntawm SMF fiber ntau, nws zoo li tau tsim cov khoom lag luam keeb kwm. Tab sis qhov tseeb, vim hais tias MMF muaj ib txoj kab uas hla loj dua SMF thiab yooj yim rau kev sib txuas nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo xws li LEDs, nws muaj qhov zoo dua hauv ntau lub LANs. Yog li ntawd, MMF tseem tau txais kev saib xyuas dua hauv kev sib txuas lus luv luv. Thaum MMF raug cais raws li qhov kev faib tawm ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov taw qhia, muaj ob hom: gradient (GI) hom thiab qib (SI) hom. Lub refractive index ntawm hom GI yog qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tub ntxhais, thiab maj mam txo nyob rau hauv lub cladding. Raws li SI hom lub teeb nthwv dej tau cuam tshuam rau hauv cov fiber ntau optical, lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm txhua txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo, uas ua rau lub teeb yoj emission hloov pauv thiab xim poob siab loj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev sib kis bandwidth yog nqaim, thiab tam sim no muaj tsawg dua SI-hom MMF daim ntawv thov.
Dispersion hloov fiber ntau
Thaum kev khiav hauj lwm wavelength ntawm ib hom fiber ntau yog 1.3Pm, hom teb txoj kab uas hla yog hais txog 9Pm, thiab nws kis tau tus mob yog hais txog 0.3dB / km. Lub sijhawm no, qhov zero-dispersion wavelength yog raws nraim ntawm 1.3 teev tsaus ntuj. Ntawm cov quartz optical fibers, qhov kev sib kis poob hauv 1.55 teev tsaus ntuj yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws (li 0.2dB / km) los ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Txij li cov tswv yim erbium-doped fiber ntau amplifier (EDFA) ua haujlwm hauv 1.55pm band, yog tias xoom dispersion tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv pawg no, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev siv kev sib kis mus ntev hauv 1.55pm band. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm cleverly siv cov composite offset yam ntxwv ntawm dispersion ntawm quartz cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau thiab dispersion ntawm lub core qauv, tus thawj xoom dispersion ntawm 1.3Pm seem yuav raug hloov mus rau 1.55 teev tsaus ntuj seem los ua xoom dispersion. Yog li ntawd, nws yog lub npe hu ua Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF: DispersionShifted Fiber). Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom cov txheej txheem dispersion yog tsuas yog los txhim kho qhov refractive index faib kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais. Nyob rau hauv kev sib kis mus ntev ntawm kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, xoom fiber ntau dispersion yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yog tib qho xwb. Lwm yam khoom muaj xws li kev poob qis, kev sib txuas yooj yim, kev tsim cable lossis kev hloov me me ntawm cov yam ntxwv thaum ua haujlwm (xws li cov teebmeem ntawm kev khoov, ncab thiab kev hloov ntawm ib puag ncig). DSF yog tsim los txiav txim siab txog cov xwm txheej no.
Dispersion Flat Fiber ntau
Dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) yog ib hom fiber ntau tsim nrog xoom dispersion hauv 1.55pm band. Lub dispersion flattened fiber ntau (DFF: Dispersion Flattened Fiber) muaj qhov dav wavelength ntawm 1.3Pm txog 1.55pm. Lub dispersion tuaj yeem ua rau qis heev, thiab fiber ntau uas ua tiav yuav luag xoom dispersion yog hu ua DFF. Vim tias DFF yuav tsum tau txo qhov kev tawg ntawm qhov chaw ntawm 1.3 teev tsaus ntuj txog 1.55 teev tsaus ntuj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua cov qauv tsim kom yooj yim rau qhov refractive index faib ntawm fiber ntau optical. Txawm li cas los xij, hom fiber ntau no yog qhov tsim nyog rau wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) kab. Vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm DFF fiber ntau nyuaj, tus nqi yog kim dua. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, raws li cov zis nce, cov nqi kuj yuav txo.
Dispersion Compensation Fiber ntau
Rau lub cev lub cev siv ib hom fibers, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog tsim los siv fibers nrog xoom dispersion hauv 1.3pm band. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no qhov poob qis tshaj plaws yog 1.55 teev tsaus ntuj. Vim yog kev siv EDFA, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias 1.55pm wavelength tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm 1.3pm zero-dispersion fiber. Vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv 1.3Pm xoom-dispersion fiber, qhov dispersion hauv 1.55Pm band yog hais txog 16ps / km / nm. Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm fiber ntau nrog rau qhov opposite kos npe ntawm dispersion yog muab tso rau hauv no optical fiber kab, qhov dispersion ntawm tag nrho cov kho qhov muag kab yuav ua tau xoom. Cov fiber ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj no yog hu ua Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF: DisPersion Compe-nsation Fiber). Piv nrog rau tus qauv 1.3pm xoom-dispersion fiber ntau, DCF muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov tub ntxhais nyias nyias thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv loj dua. DCF kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm WDM optical kab.
Polarization tswj fiber ntau
Lub teeb yoj propagating nyob rau hauv lub optical fiber muaj cov khoom ntawm electromagnetic tsis, yog li ntxiv rau cov yooj yim lub teeb yoj ib hom, muaj qhov tseem ceeb ob hom orthogonal ntawm electromagnetic teb (TE, TM) tis. Feem ntau, vim tias cov qauv ntawm cov seem fiber ntau yog sib npaug sib npaug, qhov kev nthuav tawm tas li ntawm ob hom polarization yog sib npaug, thiab ob lub teeb polarized tsis cuam tshuam rau ib leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb, cov fiber ntau tsis yog txhua qhov sib npaug. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv polarization yog tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov chaw kho qhov muag. Lub dispersion tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lub teeb polarized hu ua Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). Rau cable TV, uas feem ntau faib cov duab, qhov cuam tshuam tsis loj heev, tab sis rau qee qhov kev pabcuam uas muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau ultra-wideband yav tom ntej, xws li:
① Thaum kuaj pom heterodyne siv nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus, thaum lub teeb yoj polarization yuav tsum tau ruaj khov dua;
②Thaum cov tswv yim thiab tso tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag cuam tshuam nrog polarization;
③Thaum ua polarization-tswj optical couplers thiab polarizers lossis depolarizers, thiab lwm yam.;
④ Ua cov fiber ntau optical sensors siv lub teeb cuam tshuam, thiab lwm yam,
Qhov twg cov polarization yuav tsum tau khaws cia tsis tu ncua, cov fiber ntau uas tau hloov kho kom lub xeev polarization tsis hloov yog hu ua polarization tswj fiber ntau (PMF: Polarization Maintaining fiber), los yog ruaj khov polarization fiber.
Birefringent fiber ntau
Birefringent fiber yog hais txog ib hom fiber ntau uas tuaj yeem xa ob hom polarization uas yog orthogonal rau ib leeg. Lub phenomenon uas lub refractive index txawv nrog rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm deflection yog hu ua birefringence. Nws tseem hu ua PANDA fiber, uas yog, Polarization-maintai-ning THIAB Absorption-txo fiber ntau. Nws yog teem nyob rau hauv ob transverse cov lus qhia ntawm cov tub ntxhais, nrog ib tug iav ib feem nrog ib tug loj thermal expansion coefficient thiab ib tug ncig cross-section. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kub-kub fiber ntau, cov khoom no txo qis, uas ua rau ncab hauv y-kev taw qhia ntawm cov tub ntxhais, thiab tib lub sijhawm compressive kev ntxhov siab hauv x-kev taw qhia. Qhov no ua rau cov nyhuv photoelastic ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov taw qhia ntawm X thiab y kev taw qhia. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, cov nyhuv ntawm kev ua kom lub polarization tas li yog tiav.
Anti-phem ib puag ncig fiber ntau
Qhov chaw ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau rau kev sib txuas lus tuaj yeem nyob nruab nrab ntawm -40 ℃ thiab +60 ℃, thiab cov qauv tsim kuj yog raws li qhov chaw uas nws tsis raug hluav taws xob ntau. Piv txwv li, rau qhov kub thiab txias los yog siab dua thiab qhov hnyav ib puag ncig uas tuaj yeem raug kev kub ntxhov lossis kev quab yuam sab nraud, thiab raug hluav taws xob, cov fiber ntau uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau hu ua Hard Condition Resistant Fiber (Hard Condition Resistant Fiber). Feem ntau, txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov chaw ntawm qhov muag fiber ntau, ib txheej ntxiv ntawm cov yas yog coated. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov kub thiab txias nce, kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov yas txo qis, uas txwv kev siv kub. Yog tias koj hloov mus rau cov yas uas tsis muaj cua sov, xws li Teflon (Teflon) thiab lwm yam resins, koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm 300 ° C. Tseem muaj cov hlau xws li npib tsib xee (Ni) thiab txhuas (Al) coated rau saum npoo ntawm quartz iav. Hom fiber ntau no hu ua Heat Resistant Fiber (Heat Resistant Fiber). Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub optical fiber yog irradiated los ntawm hluav taws xob, lub optical poob yuav nce. Qhov no yog vim hais tias thaum lub iav quartz raug hluav taws xob, cov txheej txheem tsis xws luag (tseem hu ua xim chaw: Xim Center) yuav tshwm sim hauv iav, thiab qhov poob yuav nce tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub wavelength ntawm 0.4 ~ 0.7 teev tsaus ntuj. Txoj kev tiv thaiv yog hloov mus rau quartz iav doped nrog OH lossis F caij, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tsis xws luag los ntawm hluav taws xob. Hom fiber ntau no hu ua Radiation Resistant Fiber, thiab nws feem ntau yog siv hauv cov iav fiber ntau rau kev saib xyuas chaw nres tsheb nuclear.
Hermetic coated fiber ntau
Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg mus ntev ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab kev poob ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, cov iav saum npoo yog coated nrog cov ntaub ntawv inorganic xws li silicon carbide (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC), thiab carbon (C) los tiv thaiv dej. thiab hydrogen los ntawm sab nraud. Diffusion ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag (HCF Hermetically Coated Fiber). Tam sim no, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj vapor deposition (CVD) los siv cov pa roj carbon txheej los ntawm kev kub ceev kom ua tiav cov nyhuv sealing txaus. Qhov no carbon-coated optical fiber (CCF) tuaj yeem txiav tawm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag los ntawm lwm cov hydrogen molecules. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias nws tuaj yeem khaws cia rau 20 xyoo yam tsis muaj kev poob qis hauv hydrogen ib puag ncig ntawm chav tsev kub. Tau kawg, nws qhov kev qaug zog coefficient (Fatigue Parameter) tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 200 hauv kev tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov dej noo thiab ncua cov txheej txheem qaug zog ntawm kev siv tshuab. Yog li ntawd, HCF yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuab uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv hnyav ib puag ncig, xws li submarine optical cables.
Carbon coated fiber ntau
Cov fiber ntau optical coated nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab carbon rau saum npoo ntawm quartz optical fiber yog hu ua Carbon Coated Fiber (CCF: Carbon Coated Fiber). Lub tshuab yog siv cov pa roj carbon vis dis aus kom cais tawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nrauv los txhim kho cov neeg kho tshuab qaug zog poob ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau thiab ua rau kom poob ntawm hydrogen molecules. CCF yog hom hermetic coated optical fiber (HCF).
Hlau coated optical fiber
Hlau Coated Fiber (Hlau Coated Fiber) yog ib qho fiber ntau optical coated nrog ib txheej hlau xws li Ni, Cu, Al, thiab lwm yam nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov fiber ntau optical. Kuj tseem muaj cov txheej txheem yas rau sab nraud ntawm cov hlau txheej rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhim kho cov cua sov thiab ua kom muaj zog thiab vuam. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo ib puag ncig optical fibers, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov khoom thaum ntxov tau tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem molten hlau thaum lub sij hawm kev kos duab. Vim tias txoj kev no muaj qhov sib txawv ntau dhau ntawm kev nthuav dav coefficient ntawm cov iav thiab cov hlau, nws yuav ua rau kom qhov me me bending poob, thiab qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis siab. Tsis ntev los no, vim qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov txheej txheem qis-tsis-electrolytic txheej txheej ntawm cov iav fiber ntau, qhov kev ua tau zoo tau zoo tuaj.
Rare ntiaj teb doped fiber
Hauv cov tub ntxhais fiber ntau, cov fiber ntau yog doped nrog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj xws li Er, Nd, thiab Pr. Xyoo 1985, Payne ntawm University of Southampton hauv tebchaws United Kingdom thawj zaug pom tias Rare Earth DoPed Fiber (Rare Earth DoPed Fiber) muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm laser oscillation thiab lub teeb amplification. Yog li ntawd, txij thaum ntawd los, daim ntaub thaiv ntawm lub teeb amplification xws li kab nuv ntses tau raug nthuav tawm. Lub 1.55pm EDFA uas yog tam sim no cov tswv yim yog siv bait-doped ib hom fiber ntau thiab siv 1.47pm laser rau excitation kom tau 1.55pm optical teeb liab amplification. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov yuam kev-doped fluoride fiber ntau amplifiers (PDFA) tab tom txhim kho.
Raman fiber ntau
Raman nyhuv txhais tau hais tias thaum monochromatic lub teeb ntawm zaus f yog npaj rau hauv ib yam khoom, tawg lub teeb ntawm zaus f±fR thiab f± 2fR uas tsis yog zaus f yuav tshwm sim hauv lub teeb tawg. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua Raman effect. . Vim nws yog tsim los ntawm lub zog sib pauv ntawm cov molecular motion ntawm cov khoom thiab cov lattice motion. Thaum ib yam khoom absorbs lub zog, tus naj npawb ntawm kev vibrations ntawm lub teeb yuav me me, thiab lub teeb tawg yog hu ua stokes kab. Hloov pauv, lub teeb tawg uas tau txais lub zog los ntawm cov teeb meem thiab ua rau muaj kev vibrations ntau ntxiv yog hu ua anti-Stokes kab. Yog li, qhov sib txawv ntawm FR ntawm tus lej vibration qhia txog qib zog thiab tuaj yeem qhia tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Cov fiber ntau ua los ntawm kev siv qhov nruab nrab nonlinear no hu ua Raman Fiber (RF: Raman Fiber). Txhawm rau kom kaw lub teeb nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais fiber ntau me me rau kev nthuav dav mus ntev, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb thiab teeb meem yuav tshwm sim, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb liab waveform tsis cuam tshuam thiab paub txog kev sib kis mus ntev. Thaum lub teeb pom kev zoo yog kho kom zoo, coherent induced tawg lub teeb yuav tau txais. Raman fiber ntau lasers yog siv los ntsuas Raman tawg tawg lub teeb, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua lub zog rau kev ntsuas spectroscopic thiab kuaj fiber ntau dispersion. Tsis tas li ntawd, induced Raman tawg, nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus nyob deb ntawm optical fiber, yog nyob rau hauv kev kawm raws li ib tug optical amplifier.
Eccentric fiber ntau
Cov tub ntxhais ntawm tus qauv kho qhov muag fiber ntau yog teem rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub cladding, thiab cov hlaws-sectional zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab cov cladding yog concentric. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev siv sib txawv, kuj tseem muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb, cov duab tseem ceeb, thiab cov duab cladding tau ua rau ntau lub xeev lossis cov cladding yog perforated los tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Piv nrog rau cov qauv kho qhov muag fibers, cov fibers optical no hu ua tshwj xeeb zoo li tus optical fibers. Excentric Core Fiber (Excentric Core Fiber), nws yog ib hom tshwj xeeb zoo li cov fiber ntau. Lub hauv paus yog teem tawm-nruab nrab thiab ze rau qhov eccentric txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kab sab nrauv ntawm cladding. Txij li thaum cov tub ntxhais nyob ze rau ntawm qhov chaw, ib feem ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo yuav kis tau los ntawm cov cladding (hu ua qhov no ua Evanescent Wave). Siv qhov tshwm sim no, pom los yog tsis muaj cov khoom txuas nrog thiab kev hloov pauv hauv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tsis pom tseeb tuaj yeem kuaj pom. Eccentric fiber ntau (ECF) feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv fiber ntau rau kev kuaj xyuas cov khoom. Ua ke nrog optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) test method, nws kuj siv tau los ua ib qho kev faib khoom sensor.
Luminous fiber ntau
Siv cov khoom siv fiber ntau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov fluorescence generated thaum nws yog irradiated los ntawm lub teeb tsis xws li hluav taws xob, ultraviolet rays, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav kis tau los ntawm lub optical fiber los ntawm kaw lub optical fiber. Luminescent Fiber (Luminescent Fiber) tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov hluav taws xob thiab ultraviolet rays, nrog rau kev hloov pauv wavelength, lossis raws li qhov ntsuas kub, tshuaj sensor. Nws kuj tseem hu ua Scintillation Fiber hauv kev tshawb nrhiav hluav taws xob. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent thiab doping, cov yas kho qhov muag fibers tau tsim.
Multi-core fiber ntau
Ib qho optical fiber ntau yog tsim los ntawm ib cheeb tsam tseem ceeb thiab thaj tsam cladding nyob ib puag ncig nws. Txawm li cas los xij, Multi Core Fiber muaj ntau lub cores nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw cladding. Vim yog qhov ze ntawm cov cores rau ib leeg, muaj ob txoj haujlwm. Ib qho yog tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov loj, uas yog, tsis muaj qhov sib txuas kho qhov muag. Hom fiber ntau optical no tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov kab sib kis. Hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, ribbon cables nrog ntau lub cores tuaj yeem ua tau, thaum nyob rau hauv cov chaw tsis sib txuas lus, raws li cov duab kho qhov muag fiber ntau, muaj ntau txhiab tus cores ua. Qhov thib ob yog ua kom qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov cores ze, uas tuaj yeem tsim lub teeb yoj coupling. Siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, lub dual-core sensor lossis optical circuit device tab tom tsim.
Hollow fiber ntau
Cov fiber ntau optical yog ua rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hollow los tsim qhov chaw cylindrical. Cov fiber ntau optical siv rau lub teeb kis tau tus mob hu ua hollow fiber (Hollow Fiber). Hollow optical fiber ntau yog siv rau kev xa hluav taws xob, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau X-ray, ultraviolet thiab deb infrared lub zog xa mus. Muaj ob hom hollow fiber ntau cov qauv: ib qho yog ua iav rau hauv cov duab cylindrical, thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cladding yog tib yam li cov hom kauj ruam. Siv tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm lub teeb nruab nrab ntawm huab cua thiab iav kom kis tau. Txij li feem ntau ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem xa mus rau hauv huab cua yam tsis muaj kev poob, nws muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib kis ntawm qee qhov deb. Qhov thib ob yog ua kom qhov kev xav ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub tog raj kheej ze rau 1, kom txo qhov kev xav tsis zoo. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kev xav tau, lub dielectric tau teeb tsa hauv lub teeb kom txo qhov poob ntawm kev ua haujlwm wavelength. Piv txwv li, qhov poob ntawm wavelength 10.6pm tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dB / m.
Polymer
Raws li cov khoom, muaj inorganic optical fiber thiab polymer optical fiber. Cov qub yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Inorganic optical fiber cov ntaub ntawv muab faib ua ob hom: ib leeg-khoom thiab multi-component. Cov khoom siv ib leeg yog quartz, thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog silicon tetrachloride, phosphorus oxychloride thiab boron tribromide. Nws purity xav kom cov ntsiab lus impurity ntawm kev hloov hlau ions xws li tooj liab, hlau, cobalt, npib tsib xee, manganese, chromium, thiab vanadium tsawg dua 10ppb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov xav tau OH-ion tsawg dua 10ppb. Quartz fiber ntau tau siv dav. Muaj ntau ntau cov khoom siv raw, feem ntau yog silicon dioxide, boron trioxide, sodium nitrate, thallium oxide thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom no tseem tsis tau nrov. Polymer optical fiber yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas ua los ntawm pob tshab polymer, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau thiab cov ntaub qhwv. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog fiber ntau ua los ntawm high-purity thiab high-transmitting polymethyl methacrylate los yog polystyrene, thiab txheej txheej yog fluorine-muaj polymer los yog organic silicon polymer.
Qhov poob ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ntawm polymer optical fiber yog qhov siab. Xyoo 1982, Nyiv Telegraph thiab Telegraph Lub Tuam Txhab tau siv deuterated methyl methacrylate polymer filament ua cov khoom tseem ceeb, thiab qhov poob ntawm qhov muag tau txo mus rau 20dB / km. Txawm li cas los xij, tus yam ntxwv ntawm polymer optical fiber yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua qhov loj me, cov lej loj aperture optical fiber ntau, kev sib txuas ua haujlwm siab ntawm lub teeb ci, kev yooj yim, me ntsis dabtsi yog khoov tsis cuam tshuam rau lub teeb pom kev muaj peev xwm, kev yooj yim thiab kev sib txuas, yooj yim siv. , thiab tus nqi qis. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov poob ntawm qhov muag pom yog qhov loj, thiab nws tsuas yog siv tau nyob rau hauv luv luv. Optical fiber nrog optical poob ntawm 10 ~ 100dB / km tuaj yeem xa mus ntau pua meters
Polarization tuav fiber ntau
Polarization tswj fiber ntau: Polarization tswj fiber ntau xa cov teeb pom kev zoo polarized, uas yog siv dav hauv ntau yam kev lag luam hauv teb chaws xws li aerospace, aviation, navigation, industrial manufacturing technology thiab kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv lub interferometric fiber ntau sensor raws li optical coherent nrhiav kom tau, kev siv cov polarization-tswj fiber ntau tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov linear polarization kev taw qhia tseem tsis hloov, txhim kho cov teeb liab-rau-lub suab sib piv, thiab ua tiav qhov ntsuas siab ntawm lub cev ntau. Raws li hom tshwj xeeb ntawm fiber ntau optical, polarization tswj fiber ntau yog siv hauv cov sensors xws li fiber ntau optic gyroscopes, fiber optic hydrophones, thiab fiber optic kev sib txuas lus xws li DWDM thiab EDFA. Vim tias fiber ntau optic gyroscopes thiab fiber ntau optic hydrophones tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tub rog inertial navigation thiab sonar, lawv yog cov khoom siv high-tech, thiab polarization-tsau fiber ntau yog nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, yog li polarization-tso fiber ntau tau suav nrog hauv daim ntawv teev npe ntawm embargoes tawm tsam Tuam Tshoj. los ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab ntawm polarization-tswj fiber ntau, vim yog cov txheej txheem tsis xws luag tsim nyob rau hauv cov fiber ntau, cov polarization-kev tuav tswj kev ua haujlwm yuav txo qis. Ntawd yog, thaum linearly polarized lub teeb xa mus raws tus yam ntxwv axis ntawm fiber ntau, ib feem ntawm cov teeb liab kho qhov muag yuav raug muab tso rau hauv lwm qhov axis tus yam ntxwv thaum kawg ua rau txo qis ntawm polarization extinction piv ntawm cov zis polarized teeb liab. Qhov kev tsis zoo no cuam tshuam rau cov nyhuv birefringence hauv fiber ntau. Nyob rau hauv ib tug polarization tswj fiber ntau, lub zog ntawm birefringence nyhuv thiab lub luv luv wavelength, qhov zoo dua los tuav lub polarization lub xeev ntawm lub teeb kis tau tus mob.
Daim ntawv thov thiab kev txhim kho yav tom ntej kev taw qhia ntawm polarization tswj fiber ntau
Polarization-tso kho qhov muag fiber ntau yuav muaj kev lag luam xav tau ntau dua nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv ntiaj teb thiab kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom tshiab, polarization-tso kho qhov muag fibers yuav txhim kho hauv cov lus qhia hauv qab no:
(1) Siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ntawm photonic siv lead ua fiber ntau los tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab polarization-tswj fiber ntau;
(2) Tsim kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias-adaptive polarization-tswj fiber ntau kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm aerospace thiab lwm yam kev lag luam;
(3) Tsim ntau yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb-doped polarization-tswj fibers kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm optical amplifiers thiab lwm yam khoom siv;
(4) Tsim cov fluoride polarization-tswj fiber ntau los txhawb kev txhim kho fiber ntau optic cuam tshuam kev siv tshuab hauv kev siv tshuab infrared astronomy;
(5) Tsawg-attenuation polarization-tswj fiber ntau: Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm ib hom fiber ntau tshuab, kev poob, cov khoom tawg thiab waveguide dispersion tsis yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau, thiab polarization hom dispersion (PMD) ntawm ib leeg- hom fiber ntau tau maj mam dhau los ua ib qho kev txwv Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau optical zoo yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high-speed optical fiber kev sib txuas lus ntawm 10 Gbit / s thiab siab dua.
(6) Siv Kerr effect thiab Faraday rotation effect los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob polarized.
Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li lub taub hau fiber ntau, muaj: C-Lens. G-Lens. Ntsuab lo ntsiab muag
Folding common optical fiber specifications
Ib hom: 8/125μm, 9/125μm, 10/125μm
Multimode: 50/125μm, European txheem
62.5 / 125μm, Asmeskas tus qauv
Kev lag luam, kev kho mob thiab kev sib txuas qis: 100/140μm, 200/230μm
Yas: 98/1000μm, siv rau kev tswj tsheb